In the late 1970s, Yellowman gained increasing popularity, coming second behind Nadine Sutherland in the 1978 Tastee Talent Contest; a competition he won the following year, thus beginning his professional career. As a recording artist, he achieved considerable success, collaborating with producer Henry "Junjo" Lawes in the early 1980s. In 1981, after gaining recognition throughout Jamaica, Yellowman became the first dancehall artist to sign with a major American label, Columbia Records. His debut album, "Mister Yellowman," was released in 1982, followed by "Zungguzungguguzungguzeng" in 1983, which was an immediate success.
The 1980s were Yellowman's most prolific decade, releasing around twenty albums for various labels and highly successful singles such as "Zungguzungguguzungguzeng" and "Strong Me Strong." Yellowman was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album on two occasions: in 1985 for "King Yellowman" and in 1998 for "Freedom of Speech."
In 1982, Yellowman was diagnosed with skin cancer. After several surgeries, he was able to continue his career, and the cancer entered a phase of apparent remission. However, between late 1984 and 1986, he was diagnosed with the cancer spreading to his jaw; he then underwent a very invasive surgery to remove a malignant tumor. The operation permanently disfigured his face, as a significant portion of his lower left jaw had to be removed for complete tumor removal. After a period of recovery, he returned to music and live performances in 1987.